Vietnamese Centipede 

Scolopendra subspinipes

Natural History

The Vietnamese centipede is a large, ground-dwelling arthropod that occupies a unique role in the ecosystems of southeastern Asia, including regions from Russia to Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as parts of Australia, South and Central America, and the Caribbean islands. It has also been reported to be present in parts of the southern United States, although the extent of its natural presence versus human introduction is unclear. This species is known for its wide geographic range and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical environments. It follows a relatively linear life cycle beginning at the egg stage and progressing through several molts to reach adulthood. Reproductive activity typically occurs during warmer and wetter seasons when environmental conditions are favorable. Males deposit a spermatophore, which the female picks up to fertilize her eggs internally. A single clutch may contain 20 to 80 eggs, carefully guarded by the female in a moist, concealed burrow. She remains coiled around them, cleaning and defending them from mold and predators. Incubation lasts between 30 to 70 days, depending on ambient humidity and temperature. After hatching, juveniles resemble miniature versions of adults but lack fully developed segmentation and coloration. They undergo numerous molts—up to ten or more during their lifetime—before reaching reproductive maturity, usually within 2 to 3 years. In the wild, Vietnamese centipedes have an estimated lifespan of 5 to 7 years, though some individuals may live longer in stable, undisturbed environments.

This centipede species is primarily nocturnal, emerging under the cover of darkness to hunt, explore, and engage in reproductive behaviors. It is a solitary and highly territorial species, rarely exhibiting social interaction outside of mating. Vietnamese centipedes are ambush predators, relying on stealth, speed, and venom to subdue a variety of invertebrate and small vertebrate prey. They primarily consume insects, spiders, and annelids but have been known to attack small reptiles, amphibians, and even rodents when given the opportunity. Their hunting strategy involves rapid strikes using their modified front legs, called forcipules, which deliver venom into their prey. This venom contains a complex mix of neurotoxins and enzymes that paralyze and begin the digestive process almost instantly.

While generally elusive, Vietnamese centipedes are highly defensive when threatened. Their primary lines of defense include rapid retreat into leaf litter or rock crevices, striking with forcipules, and releasing a noxious chemical secretion from their hind-most terminal legs. Their exoskeleton is hardened and slightly waxy, allowing them to retain moisture and defend against minor abrasions. They are also highly sensitive to vibrations and air movements, enabling early detection of threats or prey. When cornered, they may rear up in a defensive display, showcasing their impressive size and agility. Due to their moisture sensitivity, they tend to reside in humid microhabitats such as under rotting logs, within rock piles, or inside burrows that they either excavate or repurpose from other animals.

The Vietnamese centipede plays a critical ecological role as both predator and prey within its environment. By preying on insects and other invertebrates, it helps control populations of potential pest species, contributing to the balance of ecosystems, especially in forested and agricultural margins. It occupies a mid-tier position in the food chain, vulnerable to larger reptiles, amphibians, birds, and some mammals. Birds such as ground-feeding thrushes and reptiles like monitor lizards are among its natural predators. The centipede's venomous bite offers significant protection, with few species evolved to tolerate or avoid it. Additionally, its burrowing and foraging behavior contributes to soil aeration and decomposition, indirectly supporting plant growth and nutrient cycling.

Adaptations that increase its fitness in its native habitat include an elongated, segmented body for navigating narrow spaces; strong, clawed legs for traction; and specialized sensory organs on the antennae for detecting chemical cues. Its ability to conserve moisture and remain active in humid conditions allows it to thrive in rainforest floors, where environmental conditions are highly variable. Understanding these biological, behavioral, and ecological aspects of the Vietnamese centipede is crucial for anyone planning to keep this species in captivity, as replicating its natural conditions is essential for its health and well-being.

Conservation Status

The Vietnamese Centipede is currently listed as “Not Evaluated” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. This designation means that the species has not yet been formally assessed, so its conservation status is currently unknown in the IUCN classification system. However, based on field observations and trends commonly seen in invertebrate populations native to Southeast Asia and across the globe, it is generally believed that wild populations remain stable in certain parts of their range. The species is found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and parts of southern China, typically in moist, forested habitats with high humidity and access to leaf litter or decaying wood for cover and hunting.

Because the Vietnamese Centipede has not been formally assessed, there is little large-scale population data available to determine trends over time. However, local accounts suggest that populations are more robust in remote or less-developed forested areas, indicating a reliance on specific microhabitats that remain intact. The lack of evaluation underscores the need for targeted ecological studies and population surveys to better understand the status of this widely distributed but often misunderstood arthropod.

Among the primary threats facing the Vietnamese Centipede in the wild is habitat loss due to deforestation. In many areas of Southeast Asia, large tracts of tropical rainforest are being cleared for agricultural expansion, logging operations, and urban development. These activities reduce the amount of moisture-retaining ground cover crucial for the centipede’s survival, including rotting logs, densely packed leaf litter, and shaded canopy zones. Within disturbed environments, the centipede is less likely to find adequate shelter and prey, reducing breeding opportunities and increasing exposure to predators.

Another substantial threat is collection for the exotic pet trade. The Vietnamese Centipede is highly sought after among invertebrate enthusiasts due to its size, speed, and striking coloration. Unfortunately, irresponsible or large-scale harvesting from wild populations can negatively impact local densities. This risk is heightened by the species’ low reproductive rate and high mortality of juveniles, making population recovery slow in exploited areas. In addition to trade, pesticide use in developing regions may unintentionally harm centipedes either through direct exposure or through the loss of their insect prey. While the species has a broad range, these localized pressures could create isolated population bottlenecks or extirpations over time if unmonitored.

Efforts to conserve invertebrates such as the Vietnamese Centipede are complicated by a general lack of attention and funding compared to more charismatic species. However, some protections come indirectly. For example, national parks and forest reserves in Vietnam and surrounding countries help safeguard critical habitats. Preserved tracts of mixed deciduous and tropical evergreen forest, particularly those with minimal human encroachment, provide relatively undisturbed environments where populations can persist. In places like Cát Tiên National Park and Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng, the maintenance of biodiversity-friendly land management helps shelter a range of invertebrates, including the Vietnamese Centipede.

There are currently no large-scale captive breeding programs or reintroduction efforts dedicated specifically to this species. In captivity, Vietnamese Centipedes are usually maintained by private collectors and institutions specializing in invertebrate husbandry. While captive breeding does occur, especially among experienced enthusiasts, these efforts are small-scale and primarily focused on maintaining specimens for educational or hobbyist purposes rather than formal conservation. Nonetheless, properly documented captive-bred specimens can reduce collection pressure on wild populations and contribute to our understanding of the species’ biology and needs.

In summary, while the Vietnamese Centipede has yet to receive formal conservation listing, it faces notable threats in its natural habitat, primarily from deforestation, pesticide exposure, and harvesting for trade. Protecting regional biodiversity through habitat conservation and responsible pet trade practices will be essential for the continued survival of this unique and ecologically important invertebrate. As awareness of arthropod conservation grows, so too may targeted efforts to assess and preserve this striking species.

Native Range

The Vietnamese centipede is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, with a primary distribution across Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and parts of Thailand. Its range also includes southern China, and in recent decades, it has been documented in parts of the Philippines and Indonesia. While its natural range is relatively well defined within Southeast Asia, this species has also been unintentionally introduced to other tropical regions, including some parts of the Caribbean, due to the exotic pet trade and human transport of goods. Despite these introductions, the centipede’s core habitat remains within the dense, moist environments of Southeast Asian forests, where it has evolved to fill a specific ecological niche.

At the macrohabitat level, this species is typically found in lowland to mid-elevation tropical rainforests and monsoon forests. These habitats are characterized by dense growths of broadleaf evergreen trees, interspersed with seasonal deciduous vegetation in some areas. The centipede shows a marked preference for areas with high canopy cover, which helps moderate ground-level temperature and maintains the humid conditions necessary for its physiological function. It is most commonly encountered within primary and secondary forests, though it can also persist on agricultural plantations and peri-urban greenspaces, provided there is sufficient moisture and shelter.

Within these broader ecosystems, the Vietnamese centipede occupies a range of microhabitats, typically favoring moist, dark, and sheltered areas near or on the forest floor. It is frequently found beneath decaying logs, under large rocks, within leaf litter layers, or inside naturally occurring crevices in soil or wood. These microhabitats offer protection from predators and environmental extremes, while also serving as strategic vantage points for ambushing prey. The species exhibits primarily nocturnal activity, emerging at night when humidity is higher and ambush conditions improve.

Climatically, the Vietnamese centipede thrives in tropical regions where ambient air temperatures typically range between 75°F and 88°F. While it can tolerate short-term fluctuations, prolonged exposure to temperatures below 70°F or above 90°F can be detrimental. Humidity is a critical survival factor; the species requires sustained relative humidity levels between 70% and 90% to maintain proper respiration through its spiracles and prevent desiccation. Annual precipitation in its native range often exceeds 80 inches, with a marked wet season from May to October and a relatively drier but still humid season from November to April. Seasonal variations influence the centipede's activity levels and reproductive behavior, with heightened foraging and breeding typically occurring during the wet season when insect prey is most abundant.

The species is commonly found at lowland elevations up to about 2,500 feet, though it may occasionally be encountered at mid-elevations approaching 3,300 feet, particularly in cloud forest areas with sufficient humidity. Higher elevations are generally unsuitable due to lower temperatures and reduced moisture levels. Essential environmental components for this species include loose, friable soils for burrowing, dense ground cover for concealment, and rich detrital layers that foster abundant invertebrate prey. Water sources such as seasonal streams or rainfall accumulation within forest depressions contribute to the high ambient humidity levels required by this species but are not necessarily important as direct sources of drinking water, as centipedes primarily absorb moisture from the environment.

In summary, the Vietnamese centipede is a habitat specialist that thrives in warm, humid forest ecosystems with rich structural complexity. Its survival depends heavily on environmental moisture, stable moderate temperatures, protective microhabitats, and healthy populations of invertebrate prey. These ecological requirements must be carefully replicated in a captive setting to maintain its health and natural behavior.

Behavior

The Vietnamese centipede is a nocturnal invertebrate, displaying peak activity during the nighttime hours when humidity is higher and temperatures are cooler. In its native tropical and subtropical environments, it emerges after sunset to hunt and explore. Activity levels fluctuate seasonally, with increased movement and foraging during the wet season when prey is more abundant and environmental conditions are more favorable. During drier or cooler periods, this centipede may remain concealed in moist microhabitats such as under logs, stones, or leaf litter. Unlike reptiles that undergo physiological brumation in response to temperature decline, this centipede enters periods of reduced activity if ambient temperatures fall significantly below its optimal range, which is approximately 75–85°F. In captivity, this temperature sensitivity can lead to inactivity or stress if proper thermal gradients are not provided.

Social behavior in the Vietnamese centipede is limited due to its inherently solitary nature. Individuals are highly territorial and prone to aggression toward conspecifics, particularly in confined settings. Cannibalism is common both in the wild and in captivity when two individuals are placed together, especially under conditions of resource scarcity or space limitation. This solitary disposition extends to reproductive behaviors as well. Mating typically occurs through indirect sperm transfer following intricate courtship. The male deposits a spermatophore, which the female then collects to fertilize her eggs. While there is no long-term pair bonding, the female exhibits notable parental care—a rare trait among invertebrates. She guards and coils around her clutch, often consisting of 20 to 80 eggs, maintaining high humidity levels through bodily contact and defending them aggressively from intruders. If disturbed excessively, she may abandon or consume the eggs.

The Vietnamese centipede relies heavily on environmental cues to regulate its behavior. It exhibits strong thigmotaxis, favoring close contact with surfaces and narrow crevices, which offers both sensory feedback and protection. Light cycles influence its circadian rhythms; prolonged exposure to light suppresses its activity. Thermal cues dictate its positioning within the microhabitat. During the hottest parts of the day or under high-intensity lighting in captivity, it will retreat to cooler, shaded refuges, whereas at night or in cooler enclosures, it becomes more exploratory. Humidity is another critical parameter, and drops below 60% can lead to dehydration and stress, prompting burrowing or withdrawal into moist substrates. In response to threats—whether predators in the wild or handling attempts in captivity—the centipede may engage in rapid retreat, raise its body in a threat display, or deliver painful venomous bites using its forcipules.

Prey detection is largely achieved through mechanoreception and chemoreception. The centipede uses long, highly sensitive antennae to detect vibrations and scent trails. Once prey is located, it executes a powerful strike using its forcipules to subdue and envenomate the target. Its venom contains compounds that cause rapid paralysis in invertebrates and small vertebrates, allowing the centipede to feed efficiently. In some cases, individuals have been observed to employ ambush tactics from within shelters, striking swiftly at passing prey. The hunting behavior is characterized by both opportunism and stealth.

This species exhibits several distinct behaviors that differentiate it from other terrestrial arthropods. Its locomotion is notably fluid and agile, propelled by alternating movements of numerous leg pairs, allowing for both speed and precision. When threatened, it may engage in autotomy, shedding damaged limbs, which can regenerate over subsequent molts. A particularly unusual defensive behavior includes a display involving the lifting and curling of its posterior legs, which serve as sensory as well as deceptive organs, confusing potential predators or rivals about the animal’s orientation. Thermoregulatory behaviors include burrowing into deeper substrate layers when temperatures exceed safe thresholds or becoming inactive if the environment becomes too cold or dry.

In captivity, behavioral differences emerge due to the controlled conditions and absence of natural predation or prey variability. Captive individuals often exhibit reduced foraging behavior if feeding is consistent and predictable. Aggression may increase in confined habitats that lack sufficient hiding areas or environmental enrichment. Stress responses include excessive burrowing, refusal to feed, or increased attempt to escape the enclosure. Unlike in the wild, where environmental stimuli guide behavioral patterns, a lack of varied stimuli in captivity can lead to stereotypic behaviors or inactivity. Enrichment strategies such as varied microhabitats, live prey items, and rotational environmental features are essential for maintaining naturalistic behaviors. Proper temperature gradients, humidity levels above 75%, and consistent day-night light cycles are also necessary to replicate the natural rhythms of activity found in the wild.

Captivity Requirements

Enclosure Design

Vietnamese centipedes are terrestrial arthropods with semi-fossorial tendencies, meaning they will often burrow or take refuge under surface cover. Their enclosure must reflect both their need for horizontal ground space and vertical elements, as they are surprisingly adept climbers, despite their ground-dwelling behavior. Juvenile specimens can be maintained in well-ventilated plastic enclosures with a secure locking lid, approximately 12” long by 12” wide and 13” height. However, adults require a larger footprint to allow ample space for movement and behavioral enrichment. For adult Vietnamese centipedes, the enclosure should measure no less than 18” long, 18” feet wide, and at least 18” height.

The enclosure should be constructed of materials that retain humidity yet permit proper airflow, such as high-quality PVC or sealed, ventilated glass. A tight-fitting and escape-proof lid is essential, preferably with small mesh ventilation panels to ensure sufficient airflow without compromising humidity. Due to their strong legs and climbing ability, Vietnamese centipedes can reach impressive heights, especially when using decor to boost their reach. It is crucial that any ventilation holes or gaps are smaller than the width of the centipede’s body to prevent escape.

Interior layout should mimic the centipede’s natural forest floor habitat in Southeast Asia. Provide layered substrate for burrowing (see section on substrate), stable hiding options such as bark slabs or cork rounds, and secure climbing features like curved branches or rough-textured bark. While these centipedes do not require basking platforms as reptiles do, furnishing with layered decor allows for thermoregulation and activity variation, promoting natural behaviors. All items inside the enclosure must be solid enough not to collapse during burrowing and should avoid sharp edges to prevent injury. Avoid lightweight hides or decor that can shift easily—centipedes are powerful and can move insecure décor, causing unwanted collapses or injury. Enclosure security is paramount, as Vietnamese centipedes are quick and agile when disturbed. All access points must latch tightly, and regular checks for weak points are advised.

Lighting and Heating

Vietnamese centipedes are primarily nocturnal and do not require specialized lighting for vision or basking behaviors. However, creating a temperature gradient within the enclosure is still necessary for proper thermoregulation. Ambient daytime temperatures should range from 75°F to 82°F, with a localized warm area maintained at 85°F to 88°F. This can be achieved using a low-wattage heat mat installed on the side or bottom of the tank, but only when connected to a high-quality digital thermostat to prevent overheating. Overhead heat emitters can also be used but must not dry out the enclosure excessively.

Nighttime temperatures should not fall below 70°F, making it important to maintain a stable environment, particularly during winter months. This can be managed by adjusting room temperatures or implementing a 24-hour thermostatically controlled heating element. Heat rocks must never be used, as they pose a serious burn risk to this species due to the centipede’s tendency to burrow near or under warm surfaces.

Although UVB lighting is not required for this invertebrate, maintaining a naturalistic light cycle benefits circadian rhythms and helps simulate seasonal changes when breeding. A 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle using a 2-7% linear uvb fixture is adequate. If using any visible light source, ensure it does not overheat the enclosure and that shaded areas remain available for retreat. During winter, reducing the photoperiod slightly to 10 hours may help mimic seasonal transition, though it is not strictly necessary unless breeding conditions are being replicated.

Substrate and Enrichment

Vietnamese centipedes originate from the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, where they inhabit moist leaf litter and loose soil. In captivity, a deep, moisture-retentive substrate is essential both for humidity control and behavioral expression. A base substrate layer of at least 4 to 6 inches is recommended for adults, with juveniles provided at least 3 to 4 inches. Suitable substrate blends include a mix of BabiChip for consistency and ReptiEarth for natural moisture retention or even the TropicalBase mix for more bioactive type setups. These combinations avoid impaction risks often associated with particulate substrates when properly maintained.

This substrate mix should be kept slightly damp—never saturated—and loosely packed, allowing the centipede to burrow and tunnel freely. It is essential to monitor for mold or anaerobic conditions by stirring the top layers weekly and spot-cleaning waste promptly. Avoid using insecticide-treated soil, reptile carpet, sand, or calcium-based substrates, as these pose health hazards and do not support instinctive behaviors.

Enrichment in the centipede enclosure should support the animal’s shy and cryptic tendencies. Provide multiple hiding places using curved cork bark, halved logs, or slate pieces laid horizontally and partially buried. Encourage natural climbing behavior by adding short, sturdy branches anchored into the substrate at shallow angles, allowing the centipede to explore without risk of toppling. While interaction from handling is not acceptable for this species due to its venomous bite and stress response, environmental complexity provides essential stimulus and stress reduction. Rearranging décor occasionally (with the animal removed to a secure holding container or use of Hemostats) can also increase exploratory behavior and prevent habituation to a static environment.

Humidity and Hydration

Vietnamese centipedes thrive in high-humidity conditions, consistent with their native tropical environment. Relative humidity within the enclosure should be maintained between 75% and 85% at all times. This is critical not only for respiratory and cuticular health but also for successful molting, which requires stable hydration levels in the substrate and dwelling area. Failure to maintain proper humidity can result in incomplete molts and long-term health degradation.

To achieve and maintain appropriate humidity levels, the substrate must be kept evenly moist in lower layers while allowing the surface to dry slightly between mistings to prevent mold. Daily light misting with dechlorinated water is advised, particularly in the evening to align with the centipede’s natural activity hours. This helps simulate the ambient dampness of the forest floor after sunset. Using a high-quality ultrasonic fogger on a timer can assist in raising humidity during dry seasons or in low-humidity climates, but excessive fogging should be avoided to prevent stagnant air and bacterial growth.

An appropriately sized shallow water dish should remain in the enclosure at all times and be cleaned and refilled with fresh, untreated water every 24 to 48 hours. Use a dish with a low profile to prevent drowning of feeder insects, and consider placing a stone or leaf litter in the bowl to create footing. While these centipedes do obtain some hydration from prey and substrate, many will drink standing water when available, especially after molting.

Monitoring humidity accurately is essential and cannot be left to guesswork. Hygrometers with digital readouts and remote probes should be used, with the sensor situated close to the substrate where the centipede spends most of its time. Avoid analog dials, which often provide imprecise readings. Regular logging of humidity data can help track environmental trends and prevent conditions such as excessive dryness or debilitating dampness. Maintaining consistent and closely monitored humidity within the specified range is key to the long-term well-being of Vietnamese centipedes in captivity.

Diet & Supplementation

The Vietnamese Centipede is a highly opportunistic carnivorous predator known for its aggressive feeding behavior and wide-ranging diet in its natural habitat. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, this species preys on a diverse array of animals, including insects, arachnids, small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, rodents, and occasionally small birds. It is considered a generalist predator, feeding on nearly any prey it can overpower and subdue. Its powerful forcipules—modified front legs that deliver venom—allow it to capture and immobilize animals significantly larger than itself. This adaptability in feeding makes the Vietnamese Centipede a dominant nocturnal hunter within its ecological niche.

In the wild, the Vietnamese Centipede employs an active foraging strategy, commonly stalking or ambushing prey from beneath leaf litter or within burrows. Relying heavily on tactile and chemical cues detected through its elongated antennae, the centipede locates targets with precision even in complete darkness. Unlike reptiles with heat-pits or visual tracking adaptations, this species is well-adapted for low-light conditions and dependent on substrate vibrations and pheromonal traces to identify prey. Once contact is made, the centipede swiftly uses its fangs to inject potent venom, which rapidly incapacitates the prey by disrupting neuromuscular function. The venom also contains digestive enzymes, starting the breakdown of tissues even before ingestion, which aids in the feeding process.

Dietary preferences can shift with age and environmental factors. Juveniles typically target smaller, softer-bodied prey such as crickets, beetles, and larval insects, which are easier to digest and reduce the risk of injury. As they mature, Vietnamese Centipedes seek larger and more complex prey, including vertebrates, to sustain their increasing metabolic needs. Seasonal fluctuations in prey availability in the wild may also influence diet, with some individuals scavenging or relying more on invertebrates during dry periods. Feeding frequency varies by age and temperature; younger individuals may eat every few days, while adults tolerate longer fasting periods, especially during cooler or drier seasons when they become less active.

In captivity, replicating the wild diet presents challenges due to the wide dietary scope and nutritional diversity encountered in nature. Generally, captive Vietnamese Centipedes are offered gut-loaded insects such as crickets, roaches, and mealworms, supplemented with occasional vertebrate prey like pinky mice or small anoles to mimic the nutrient profile of wild meals. Feeding live prey continues to stimulate natural hunting behaviors and provides physical and psychological enrichment. However, caution is required when offering vertebrates, as overuse may lead to obesity or unnecessary aggression. Prey should be appropriately sized—no larger than half the centipede’s body length—to limit the risk of injury during feeding.

Supplementation is typically unnecessary when gut-loading feeder insects with high-quality diets rich in calcium and vitamins prior to feeding. However, reptile-grade vitamin dusting can be used sparingly to ensure micronutrient balance, particularly when offering feeder insects that may be nutritionally deficient. Providing a varied diet is essential in preventing long-term deficiencies. For example, alternating between different insect species and offering occasional amphibians can help simulate the natural diversity of the centipede’s wild diet.

Captive keepers often encounter several feeding challenges with this species. Common problems include food refusal, typically due to stress, poor husbandry (such as incorrect humidity or temperature), or an unsuitable light cycle disrupting the centipede's nocturnal rhythm. Obesity is another concern, especially when vertebrate prey are over-offered or feeding schedules are too frequent. Malnutrition may occur if keepers rely too heavily on single insect species without proper gut-loading. To maintain robust health and encourage natural behaviors, it is crucial to introduce prey at night when the centipede is most active. Environmental enrichment—such as varied terrain, hiding places, and occasional live prey release—stimulates foraging behavior and reduces feeding apathy. Monitoring individual feeding patterns and adjusting prey type and frequency accordingly can greatly enhance both the welfare and longevity of this species in captivity.

Reproduction

The Vietnamese centipede reaches reproductive maturity approximately 2 to 3 years after hatching, depending on environmental conditions and nutritional status. Like most scolopendrid centipedes, this species exhibits sexual dimorphism that can be subtle and difficult to discern visually; however, males tend to have slightly more slender bodies and longer antennae, while females are typically more robust. Courtship behavior in this species involves a non-confrontational dance rather than direct copulation. The male initiates courtship by tapping the female's antennae and legs with his own, often engaging in a follow-the-leader interaction that can last several minutes. If receptive, the female will allow the process to continue. Rather than copulating directly, the male deposits a spermatophore—a sperm-containing capsule—on the substrate, which the female subsequently picks up using her genital opening located on the underside of the last few body segments.

Environmental cues play a critical role in stimulating reproductive activity. In the wild, Vietnamese centipedes are typically seasonal breeders, responding to shifts in temperature and humidity associated with the monsoon season. To replicate this in captivity, keepers should simulate a seasonal change by gradually increasing ambient humidity to between 80% and 90% and maintaining nighttime temperatures around 75°F while allowing daytime basking areas to reach up to 88°F. A slight decrease in photoperiod—reducing daylight hours to 10 to 12 per day—can further encourage breeding behavior. These conditions mimic the onset of the wet season in their native habitat, a period associated with increased availability of prey and optimal nesting conditions.

The Vietnamese centipede is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs. Females require specific environmental conditions for successful oviposition. These centipedes strongly prefer secluded, humid nesting sites with soft substrate materials such as ReptiEarth, sphagnum moss, or TropicalBase. Enclosures should include a digging depth of at least 4 inches to allow nesting and egg-laying behavior. A female will often seek a secluded area under bark, leaf litter, or other cover items where humidity levels are stable and undisturbed. Ideal nesting zones range from 78°F to 82°F with minimal airflow to prevent dehydration of the eggs. Breeding takes place most successfully in large enclosures where the animals can engage in normal behavioral patterns without stress or spatial restrictions. Separate enclosures for each adult should be maintained until courtship is initiated, at which point a carefully timed introduction—typically during low-light periods—is safest to prevent aggression.

Breeding Vietnamese centipedes in captivity presents several challenges. First, individual temperament can vary; some specimens are highly aggressive or stressed by cohabitation, leading to cannibalism or abandonment of reproductive behavior. Incompatibility between mates is a common issue and is best addressed by allowing multiple preliminary introductions under close observation. Males should be removed immediately if the female demonstrates hostile responses. Stress from improper environmental conditions, especially low humidity or fluctuating temperatures, can suppress reproductive behavior entirely. To counteract this, strict control of environmental parameters must be maintained for several weeks before and after pairing attempts. Frequent disturbance, improper feeding prior to breeding season, and housing in overly small or stark enclosures can also contribute to reproductive failure. Optimizing nutrition through gut-loaded prey items and offering a stable microhabitat environment can significantly aid in successful copulation and oviposition. Patience and careful observation are essential, as reproductive behaviors may be infrequent and subtle. With appropriate planning and strict control of parameters, successful breeding of this species in captivity is achievable, though it remains a task best reserved for experienced keepers.

Incubation & Neonate Care

The Vietnamese centipede is oviparous, meaning it lays eggs. Females require specific environmental conditions for successful oviposition. Nesting generally occurs in a sheltered area of the enclosure, often in moist substrate or under a secure hide. Vietnamese centipedes are known to exhibit significant maternal care. It is essential, however, that the environment is quiet and undisturbed during this time to prevent stress-induced cannibalism. A single clutch may contain 20 to 80 eggs, and she remains coiled around them, cleaning and defending them from mold and predators. Incubation lasts between 30 to 70 days, depending on ambient humidity and temperature. After hatching, juveniles resemble miniature versions of adults but lack fully developed segmentation and coloration. They should be allowed to remain with the mother at least until they’ve turned into their darker coloration at which point each neonate can  be transferred—using soft-tipped forceps or a plastic paintbrush to avoid injury—into its own small enclosure. These enclosures should measure approximately 4 inches by 4 inches by 4 inches and be escape-proof, as neonate centipedes are both small and extremely agile. Substrate should consist of moist, sterile ReptiEarth, maintained at a depth of 1 to 2 inches to allow for burrowing and secure footing. A small piece of cork bark or curled leaf litter can provide additional shelter.

Neonate Vietnamese centipedes require environmental conditions similar to those of adults but with particular attention to humidity to prevent desiccation. Ideal ambient temperatures should remain between 78°F and 82°F with humidity maintained at 80% to 90%. Mist lightly once daily to sustain appropriate humidity, but avoid oversaturation, as excess moisture can promote mold and bacteria. Feeding should begin 3 to 5 days after hatching, once the neonates have molted for the first time—a process that hardens their exoskeleton and prepares them for predatory behavior. Suitable prey includes pinhead crickets, tiny roaches, or freshly killed small invertebrates. Prey should be appropriately sized at no more than half the length of the centipede to reduce risk of injury. Feeding can occur every 3 to 4 days and should be monitored closely to remove uneaten prey.

Hydration is crucial in the early stages. Neonates absorb moisture from substrate and mist, but a shallow water dish with rocks for traction can be added as they grow, provided drowning risks are mitigated. Regular cleaning is necessary to prevent mold and mite infestations, which can be lethal to young centipedes. Handling neonates is strongly discouraged due to their fragility, escape potential, and venomous bite, which becomes more potent with age. While envenomation from neonates may not be as severe as that of adults, it can still cause localized pain and inflammation. Observations should be conducted with minimal disturbance to reduce stress and encourage healthy behaviors.

In summary, the Vietnamese centipede requires specific and carefully maintained conditions for the successful birthing and rearing of neonates. Understanding their reproductive mode, anticipating the birthing process, and preparing suitable individual setups for neonates are essential components of successful captive husbandry. These steps help ensure survival through the vulnerable early stages of life and support the proper development of healthy juveniles.

Conclusion

The Vietnamese centipede presents a rewarding yet demanding challenge for experienced invertebrate keepers due to its complex environmental needs, potent defensive capabilities, and unique biological traits. When housed under proper conditions that closely replicate its natural habitat—warm, humid environments with ample substrate depth, secure hiding spaces, and consistent environmental gradients—this species can thrive in captivity for several years. Success in keeping the Vietnamese centipede depends on careful attention to enclosure security, temperature and humidity regulation, and a varied, nutritionally balanced diet.

This species’ solitary and territorial behavior, combined with its capability for rapid movement and venom injection, necessitate a hands-off approach and focused preparation. Providing appropriate behavioral enrichment through environmental complexity allows for naturalistic activity without the need for direct interaction. Keepers must remain diligent about enclosure maintenance, especially humidity control and hygiene, to support molting health and reduce stress-induced behaviors. Feeding practices should be adapted to the centipede’s life stage and should incorporate a variety of invertebrate prey items that reflect wild nutritional input.

Reproduction in captivity is achievable but should only be attempted by those with a thorough understanding of its specific courtship behaviors, seasonal environmental triggers, and neonatal care requirements. Though maternal care behaviors are observed, the risk of cannibalism and sensitivity to disturbance make early-life isolation essential for offspring survival.

Overall, the Vietnamese centipede is a highly specialized invertebrate that requires a precise and science-driven husbandry routine. With its ecological importance, biological adaptations, and intriguing behaviors, it provides a unique window into the lesser-known fauna of Southeast Asian ecosystems. Responsible care and breeding of this species not only reduce wild collection pressure but also contribute valuable insights into the life history of one of the world’s most formidable terrestrial arthropods.